初中语法精挑细讲之动词的语态

　　（十一）动词的语态

　　1． 语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .（被动）

　　2． 被动语态：助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词（be +p.p.），be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：

　　时 态 谓语动词的形式 例 子

　　一般现在时 Am / is / are + 动词过去分词 Colour TVs are made in the factory .

　　一般过去时 Was / were +动词过去分词 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .

　　一般将来时 Shall / will + be +动词过去分词 The film will be shown again .

　　现在进行时 Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词 The walls are being painted .

　　过去进行时 Was / were +being动词过去分词 The tickets were being well sold then .

　　现在完成时 Has / have + been + 动词过去分词 A new road has been built here .

　　时 态 谓语动词的形式 例 子

　　过去完成时 Had + been +动词过去分词 Much had been done before mother came back .

　　含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词 The composition must be handed in today .

　　3． 被动语态中值得注意的问题：

　　○1 带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .

　　○2 英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .

　　○3 在英语中有时"be + V-ed"结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。The mountains were covered with snow .

　　○4 在"主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语"的结构中，要补留宾语补足语。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.

　　○5 宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要还原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .

　　○6 如果短语动词是及物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .

　　○7 下列情况不能用被动语态：

　　A． 不及物动词： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .

　　B． 连系动词： The girl looks like her sister .

　　C． 宾语为反身代词：He always dresses himself neatly .

　　D． 宾语为相互代词：The students often help each other .

　　E． 同源宾语：At that time, they lived a happy life .

　　F． 表示状态的及物动词：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .
 

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