初三英语上册知识点：语法时态(2)

　　语法：被动语态

　　1．英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态

　　主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。

　　当我们强调谁是某个动作的执行者，即"谁做了某种事情"时，用主动语态。

　　eg: Daniel bought a new computer   丹尼尔买了一台新电脑。（不是别人）

　　如果主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者时，就是被动语态。

　　eg: A new computer was bought by Daniel   一台新电脑被丹尼尔买了。

　　被动语态的谓语由be + 动词的过去分词构成，其中be是助动词，随时态改变。

　　一般现在时的被动语态由"am / is / are ＋动词的过去分词"构成。

　　一般过去时的被动语态由"was / were ＋动词的过去分词"构成。

　　2．被动语态的用法：

　　当不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者时，用被动语态。

　　eg:  Rice is grown in South China. 华南种植水稻。（没必要说明是谁种）

　　This bridge was built 100 years ago.  这座桥是100年前建的。（不知道谁建的）

　　Passive voice with 'by'

　　在被动语态中，如果我们也要把动作的执行者表达出来的话，我们就在被动句子的后面，用 "by+动作的执行者（宾格）"来表示。

　　e.g.  Jack broke the window. （主动语态）

　　The window was broken by Jack.  （被动语态）  窗户是被杰克打碎的。

　　Meals are cooked by her mother at home.  在家饭是她母亲烧的。

　　The book was written by him several years ago. 这本书是他几年前写的。

　　3．难点：

　　1）. 当一个含有复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的句子变为被动语态时， 只能把宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾补还放在原来的位置。

　　e.g.  We call him Xiao Wang.---  He is called Xiao Wang.

　　He cut his hair short.---  His hair was cut short.

　　2）. 带双宾语的动词变为被动语态时， 常常把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语；如果直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for.

　　e.g.  Someone gave the boy an apple.-- The boy was given an apple.

　　An apple was given to the boy.

　　His mother bought a present for him.---  He was bought a present.

　　A present was bought for him.

　　3）. 在let, hear, watch, see, help, have 等词的句子中，主动语态不加to, 被动语态要加 to.

　　e.g. The boss makes us work 12 hours a day.--- We are made to work 12 hours a day.

　　They heard the children sing that morning.--- The children were heard to sing that morning.

　　⑤直接引语是祈使句，根据说话语气变成ask/tell/order warn sb. to do sth.的结构。例：

　　She said to me, "Stand up."→

　　She asked me to stand up.

　　Father said to his son, "Don't play football in the street."→

　　Father told his son not to play football in the street.

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