专题九 被动语态
动词语态分为两大类：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者。动作的执行者由by连接的短语表示，常译为“被、由”。
对于英语的被动语态，我们可以以下五个方面来掌握。
一、主语与谓语动词的逻辑关系 被动语态表示句子的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者或对象。 如：Computers are widely used in our work and daily life. 电脑在我们的工作和日常生活中广泛应用。(computers就是use的对象或承受者)
二、表示被动语态的形式 (1)基本形式：主语 + be + vt.的过去分词 + (by + sb.) This song is often sung by children at school. 这首歌经常在学校被孩子们唱。
常见被动语态的时态：
①一般现在时：am/is/are+ vt.的过去分词；
②一般过去时：was / were + vt.的过去分词；
③一般将来时：will / shall / be going to + be + vt.的过去分词；
④现在完成时：have / has + been + vt.的过去分词；
⑤过去完成时：had + been + vt.的过去分词；
⑥现在进行时：am/is/are + being + vt.的过去分词；
⑦过去进行时：was / were + being + vt.的过去分词
⑧过去将来时：would + be + vt.的过去分词
注意：被动语态不用于将来进行时及完成进行时。
(2)其他形式： (选学)
①主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by +. sb.)+宾语/ 介词 + 宾语
A. 主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by + sb.)+ 宾语/to +宾语 I was shown his gold medal there. 在那里他给我看了他的金牌。 His gold medal was shown to me. 他的金牌给我看了。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有bring，give，hand，lend，offer，pass，post，send，show，teach，tell，throw，write等。
B. 主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by + sb.)+ 宾语 /for +宾语 I was bought a new dictionary (by my father). 我父亲给我买了一本新字典。 A new dictionary was bought for me (by my father). 我父亲给我买了一本新字典。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有buy，call，cook，do，get，make，save等。
②主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by + sb.)+ 主语的补足语 Jim was made chairman at the meeting. Jim在会上被推选为主席。 Li Lei was seen to break the glass this moming. 李雷今天上午被人看到打碎了那块玻璃。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有feel，hear，make，observe，see，watch等。特别注意的是，在主动语态中，不定式做宾语的补足语，不定式前面的小品词to必须省略，而在被动语态中，不定式做主语的补足语，不定式的小品词to必须补上。
③主语 +情态动词(can/could/may/might/must/should/ought to)+ be + 动词的过去分词 + (by + sb.) Water can be turned into ice. 水能转变成冰。 Your essay should be rewritten again. 你的论文应该还重新修改一遍。
④主语 +be + 短语动词的过去分词 + (by + sb.) His words should be paid much attention to. 应该多注意他的话。 The children in China are taken good care of now. 现在中国的孩子被照料得很好。 注意：动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。
⑤形式主语(It) +be + vt.的过去分词 +主语从句 It is reported that our team has won the game again. 据报道，我们队又赢了比赛。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有believe，expect，know，report，say，suppose，think等。这一句型也可变为： 主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词+不定式短语 The Mars is believed to have no life on it. 火星被确认无生命迹象。 Our team is reported to have won the game again. 据报道，我们队又赢了比赛。
三、被动语态的用法
被动语态往往表示一种客观的事实，有时语气比较生硬，没有商量的余地，从而令人难以接受，因此，切不可随便使用。在能用主动语态表示时，尽量使用主动语态，只有在下面的情况中才使用被动语态。
①说不出动作的执行者或没有必要说出动作的执行者; 如：The classroom had been cleaned when I got there.
当我到达教室的时候，教室已经被人打扫过了。
(教室究竟是谁打扫的，说话者并不知道)
②为了突出或强调动作的承受者或对象;如：Homework must be finished before school is over.
作业必须在放学之前做完。(强调 Homework)
③为了修辞的需要，使句子间的联系更紧密。如: I have a new motorbike. It was given to me by my father yesterday as my birthday present. 我有一台新摩托车。它是昨天我父亲买给我作为生日礼物的。(显然，It指代 the new bike就与上文的a new motorbike紧密相连)
四、不能使用被动语态的情况
(1)不及物动词没有被动形式。特别要注意汉语中带名词或代词做宾语的动词，如belong，die，happen，occur，take place等不及物动词。 如：A terrible traffic accident happened on the road yesterday. (昨天在公路上发生了一起可怕的交通事故。)就不能改写为：A terrible traffic accident is happened on the road yesterday.
(2)一些静态的及物动词也不能用于被动语态。如agree with，fit，have，hold，own，suit等。 如：I don’t agree with Jack. (我不同意Jack的观点。)就不能改写为：Jack isn ' t agreed with.
五、主动形式表被动意义如：The pen writes well. 这支笔很好写。 The food tastes good. 这些食物尝起来味道很好。
His house is comfortable to live in. 他的房子住起来很舒服。
实战演练(2×50) 计分:
1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year?
A. Did ; build B. Was ; built C. Is; built
2.An accident ____ on this road last week.
A. was happened B. has happened C.happened
3. --- This kind of rice tastes nice. Do you know where it is grown?
--- Yes, it _______ in Southeast China.
A. was grew B. is grown C. is growing
4.So far, the moon ____ by man already.
A. is visited B. has been visited C. was visited
5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.
A. is given B. has been given C. will be given
6.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.
A. are doing B. are being done C. will be done
7.The doctor _____ for yet.
A. isn't sent B. wasn't sent C. hasn't been sent
8. ---When ___ this kind of computer ______?
---Last year.
A. was; made B. did; make C .are; made
9.Who _____ this book _____?
A. did; write B. was; written by C. is; written
10.Mary ____ show me her new dictionary.
A. has asked to B. was asked to C. is asked
11.A story _____ by Granny yesterday.
A. was told to us B. was told us C. is told us
12.The monkey was seen _____ off the tree.
A. jumped B. jumps C. to jump
13.Older people ____ well.
A. must be looked after B. looks after C. must look after
14.Our teacher ______ carefully.
A. should be listened B. should be listened to C. are listened
15. In some part of the world, tea _______ with milk and sugar.
A. is served B. serves C. served
16. --- Did you win the basketball game?
--- Bad luck. Our team _______ in the final one.
A. won B. was won C. was beaten
17. Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year?
A. would be completed B. will be completed C. is completed
18. Great changes _______ in China since 1949.
A. have taken place B. have been taken place C. took place
19. ---Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy?
---She has _______ by her classmates.
A. laughed B. been laughed C. been laughed at
20. Doctors _______ in every part of the world.
A. need B. are needing C. are needed
21. This painting _______ to a museum in New York in 1977.
A. sells B. sold C. was sold
22. The television _______. It doesn’t work now.
A. must repair B. must be repaired C. has repaired
23. --- Do you think that the classroom _______ every day?
--- Yes, I think so.
A. should clean B. should be cleaning C. should be cleaned
24. I believe that those mountains _______ with trees in a few years’ time.
A. are covered B. will be covered C. will cover
25. It is said that about 400 cars _______ in the factory next month.
A. will produce B. are produced C. will be produced
26. I wasn’t at home yesterday. I _______ to help with the harvest on the farm.
A. was asked B.was asking C. asked
27. ---Are you free this afternoon?
---No. I’ll have an English composition _______ this afternoon.
A. to write B. wrote C. to be written
28. --- Where are the boys?
--- Oh, they _______ basketball on the playground just now.
A. were seen play B. were seen to play C. had seen play
29. --- Can you sing this English song?
--- Of course I can. It _______ often _______ by children.
A. is; sang B.was ; sang C.is ; sung
30. ---What did Miss Zhang say to you just now?
---She said that all the books should ___ to the library on time.
A. are returned B. return C. be returned
31. When and where to build the new factory _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. have not been decided C. has not been decided
32. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned
33. A football match _______ in our school next Monday.
A. will hold B. will be held C. is going to hold
34. ----What’s happened to Joe?
---- ________ to a hospital.
A. He’s taken B. He’s been taken C. He’ll be taken
35.--- Did you go to the party yesterday?
---- No, I ________.
A. wasn’t invited B. was invited C. didn’t invite
36. Today the forests have almost gone. People must ______ down too many trees.
A. stop from cutting B. stop to cut C. be stopped from cutting
37 .He was seen ________ something from the shop.
A. steal B. to steal C. to be stolen
38. One of the club activties ________ by Mr Smith.
A. is holding B. are held C. is held
39. This kind of medicine ________ in a dry and cool place.
A. must keep B. kept C. must be kept
40. The dog _________ an hour ago.
A.died B.has died C.has been dead
41. ---Mary, you ____ on the phone.
--- Thank you, Mom.
A. are wanted B. will be wanted C. have wanted
42. This book ________ well in the shop.
A. sells B. is selling C. is sold
43.The windows__________ after school is over.
A.usually closed B.are usually closed C.are usually closing
44.They sat at the table until all the food __________ .
A.was eating B.was eaten C.were eaten
45.I don’t know the restaurant, but it ___________to be quite a good one.
A.is said B.is told C.is spoken
46. The old man was quite weak after the accident, so he _______.
A. must be taken care B. must take care of C. must be looked after
47. ----I feel very happy that I __________ to be the host.
----Congratulations.
A. choose B. am chsoen C. was chosen
48.Trees and grass __________ every year to protect our environment.
A.is planted B.are planted C.have planted
49.English _________in Canada, Australia and New Zealand as well as America.
A.speaks B.is speaking C.is spoken
50. ---Look at the sign on the wall.
--- Oh, parking _______ here.
A. doesn’t allow B.isn’t allowed C. wasn’t allowed
参考答案
1-5BCBBC 6-10BCABB 11-15ACABA 16-20CBACC 21-25CBCBC
26-30AABCC 31-35CBBBA 36-40CBCCA 41-45AABBA 46-50CCBCB
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