2021年中考英语复习之主动语态变被动语态的易错点(2)

　　■短语动词的被动语态

　　1. “动词 介词/副词”构成的短语动词，变成被动语态时，要把它们作为整体看待，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。如：

　　The patient is being operated on. 病人正在动手术。

　　His request was turned down. 他的要求遭到拒绝。

　　注：这类短语动词常见的还有agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, call on等。常用的由“及物动词 副词”构成的短语动词有bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put on, put off, take off, think over, work out, turn out, sell out, use up look up (查询) 等。

　　2. “动词＋副词＋介词”构成的短语动词，变成变动语态时，要把它们作为一个整体看待。如：

　　The poor were looked down upon then. 那时穷人被人瞧不起。

　　He was looked up to by everyone他被人们所敬仰。

　　注：这类短语动词还有：get out of, look out of, get on with，get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。

　　3. “动词 名词 介词”构成的短语动动词，变被动语态时，既可将短语动词后的宾语作为被动句的主语，也可将短语动词中的名词作为被动句的主语。如：

　　You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 你必须注意你的发音。

　　Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.

　　Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.

　　注：这类短语动词常见的还有catch sight of, make use of, make fun of, make friends with, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of, keep an eye on等。

　　■当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的复合不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody，作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：

　　Nobody can lift this stone. 谁也拿不起这块石头。

　　误：The stone can be lifted by nobody.

　　正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody.

　　■当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：

　　They haven’t done anything to make the river clean.

　　误：Anything hasn’t been done to make the river clean.

　　正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

　　■以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：

　　Who wrote this novel? 这部小说是谁写的？

　　误：Who was this novel written by?

　　正：By whom was this novel written?

　　■主动句中完成进行时态时，相应的被动句变为完成时态。如：

　　He has been using this dictionary for ten years. 这本词典他用了十年了。

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